Perovskitas Modificadas para la Degradación Fotocatalítica de Contaminantes Farmacéuticos en Agua: Estrategias de Diseño, Mecanismos y Desafíos
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29057/aactm.v13i13.18051Palabras clave:
contaminantes emergentes, fármacos, fotodegradación, perovskitasResumen
La contaminación del agua por contaminantes emergentes, específicamente por residuos farmacéuticos, que son excretados, vertidos o filtrados en ríos, mantos acuíferos y lagos, constituye un desafío ambiental debido a su baja eliminación mediante tratamientos convencionales y a sus potenciales efectos ecotoxicológicos. Por lo tanto, es de suma importancia encontrar nuevos materiales que permitan la remediación de agua contaminada con fármacos. En este contexto, la fotocatálisis heterogénea basada en perovskitas ha emergido como una estrategia prometedora debido a la versatilidad composicional y electrónica de estos materiales. Esta revisión analiza los avances recientes en el empleo de perovskitas modificadas para la degradación fotocatalítica de fármacos en el agua, con énfasis en la relación entre estructura, composición, energía de banda, separación de portadores de carga y generación de especies reactivas de oxígeno. Se comparan estrategias de dopaje, ingeniería de defectos y formación de heteroestructuras, así como su influencia sobre la actividad fotocatalítica y los mecanismos de degradación. Asimismo, se discute el uso de captadores de especies reactivas como herramientas para la elucidación mecanicista. A pesar de las elevadas eficiencias de degradación reportadas bajo condiciones controladas, persisten desafíos relacionados con la mineralización completa, formación de intermediarios, estabilidad química, lixiviación, reciclabilidad, interferencia de matrices acuosas reales y escalamiento del proceso. En este sentido, el desarrollo futuro de estos materiales deberá orientarse hacia sistemas activos bajo luz solar, estables, recuperables y evaluados en aguas residuales reales para favorecer su transición hacia aplicaciones de tratamiento de agua a escala tecnológica.
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Derechos de autor 2026 J. E. Estrada Camacho, L. F. Cano Salazar, L. da Silva, T. E. Flores Guía, Lizet García Salazar, F. Soriano Corral
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