Agency for self-care of health in university students: characteristics and differences
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29057/jbapr.v7i13.15040Keywords:
self-care, university students, health, illnessAbstract
The objective of this study was to determine the characteristics and differences of university students in relation to self-care. A quantitative methodology was used, with ex post facto cross-sectional design with descriptive scope. Data were collected in an intentional non-probabilistic sample of 400 students from the Autonomous University of Coahuila, 64.3% women and 35.8% men, with an average age of 21 years, 36.5% from the Torreón unit, 30.% from the North unit and 33% from Saltillo. The Appraisal of Self-Care Agency Scale (ASA) was applied, data collection was carried out electronically through the SurveyMonkey platform. The results show that the self-care analyzed from the sociodemographic characteristics studied are similar in the three campuses, the prevalence of physical and mental illnesses was analyzed, highlighting mental health diseases such as anxiety, reported in almost a third of the sample and depression, reaching more than 20%. It is concluded from the characteristics of self-care reported that it is important to identify and understand the barriers experienced by young people, this to promote better practices of health care and self-care, which allow healthy lifestyles for the benefit of greater well-being in university students, although, self-care practices must be learned continuously. It is during adolescence and youth that these practices become less frequent, which constitutes a risk factor for this sector of the population.
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References
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Austin, S., Guay, F., Senécal, C., Fernet, C., & Nouwen, A. (2013). Longitudinal testing of a dietary self-care motivational model in adolescents with diabetes. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 75(2), 153–159. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.04.013
Baker, L. K., & Denyes, M. J. (2008). Predictors of Self-Care in Adolescents With Cystic Fibrosis: A Test of Orem’s Theories of Self-Care and Self-Care Deficit. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 23(1), 37–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PEDN.2007.07.008
Biswas, T., Townsend, N., Huda, M. M., Maravilla, J., Begum, T., Pervin, S., Ghosh, A., Mahumud, R. A., Islam, S., Anwar, N., Rifhat, R., Munir, K., Gupta, R. Das, Renzaho, A. M. N., Khusun, H., Wiradnyani, L. A. A., Radel, T., Baxter, J., Rawal, L. B., … Mamun, A. (2022). Prevalence of multiple non-communicable diseases risk factors among adolescents in 140 countries: A population-based study. EClinicalMedicine, 52, 101591. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECLINM.2022.101591
Buitrago Ramírez, F., Ciurana Misol, R., Fernández Alonso, M. del C., & Tizón, J. L. (2021). COVID-19 pandemic and mental health: Initial considerations from spanish primary health care. Atencion Primaria, 53(1), 89–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aprim.2020.06.006
Chen, C.-Y., Lo, F.-S., Chen, B.-H., Lu, M.-H., Hsin, Y.-M., & Wang, R.-H. (2017). Pathways of emotional autonomy, self-care behaviors, and depressive symptoms on health adaptation in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Nursing Outlook, 65(1), 68–76. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2016.07.015
Chittooru, C. S., Gorantla Ananda, K., Panati, D. D., Chaudhuri, S., & Prahalad, H. (2022). Self-care practices and its determinants among diabetic population in rural Andhra Pradesh, India: A cross-sectional study. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 16, 101102. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2022.101102
Conley, S., Jeon, S., Andrews, L. K., Breazeale, S., Hwang, Y., O’Connell, M., Linsky, S., & Redeker, N. S. (2022). Trajectory of self-care in people with stable heart failure and insomnia after two self-care interventions. Patient Education and Counseling, 105(12), 3487–3493. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2022.09.001
Díaz De León Castañeda, C., Celia, A., Morán, A., Jazmín, M., Guzmán, V., Rosa, E., & Oba, V. (2022). Análisis de la estructura interna de la escala de valoración de la capacidad de autocuidado en población mexicana de diferentes grupos demográficos. Revista de Psicología de La Universidad Autónoma Del Estado de México, 11(22), 113–136.
Ervin, M. H. (1998). Teaching self-care to delinquent adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 12(1), 20–26. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5245(98)90025-6
Evers, G. C. M. (1989). Appraisal of self-care agency : A.S.A. Scale. Van Corcum. https://search.library.wisc.edu/catalog/9910009408202121
Garcia, A. C. M., Ferreira, A. C. G., Silva, L. S. R., da Conceição, V. M., Nogueira, D. A., & Mills, J. (2022). Mindful Self-Care, Self-Compassion, and Resilience Among Palliative Care Providers During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 64(1), 49–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JPAINSYMMAN.2022.03.003
García-García, J. A., Garza Sanchez, R. I., & Cabello-Garza, M. L. (2022). Dimensiones de los estilos de vida saludable durante el confinamiento por COVID-19 en población mexicana. Prospectiva, 249–270. https://doi.org/10.25100/prts.v0i34.11671
Hazrati-Meimaneh, Z., Amini-Tehrani, M., Pourabbasi, A., Gharlipour, Z., Rahimi, F., Ranjbar-Shams, P., Nasli-Esfahani, E., & Zamanian, H. (2020). The impact of personality traits on medication adherence and self-care in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: The moderating role of gender and age. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 136, 110178. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JPSYCHORES.2020.110178
Loades, M. E., Chatburn, E., Higson-Sweeney, N., Reynolds, S., Shafran, R., Brigden, A., Linney, C., McManus, M. N., Borwick, C., & Crawley, E. (2020). Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 59(11), 1218-1239.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2020.05.009
Martínez, N., Connelly, C. D., Pérez, A., & Calero, P. (2021). Self-care: A concept analysis. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 8(4), 418–425. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2021.08.007
McCaleb, A., & Cull, V. V. (2000). Sociocultural influences and self-care practices of middle adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 15(1), 30–35. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0882-5963(00)80021-4
McCusker, J., Lambert, S. D., Ciampi, A., Jones, J. M., Li, M., Yaffe, M. J., Pelland, M.-E., Belzile, E., & de Raad, M. (2022). Trained lay coaches and self-care cognitive-behavioral tools improve depression outcomes. Patient Education and Counseling, 105(8), 2747–2756. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2022.03.021
Medina Gamero, A., Regalado Chamorro, M., & Orozco Sibille, F. (2022). Ansiedad y salud mental de los adolescentes ante la COVID-19. Atención Primaria Práctica, 4(4), 100152. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APPR.2022.100152
Mei, J., Tian, Y., Chai, X., & Fan, X. (2019). Gender differences in self-care maintenance and its associations among patients with chronic heart failure. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 6(1), 58–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJNSS.2018.11.008
Montali, L., Zulato, E., Cornara, M., Ausili, D., & Luciani, M. (2022). Barriers and facilitators of type 1 diabetes self-care in adolescents and young adults. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 62, 136–143. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2021.09.014
Narasimhan, M., Aujla, M., & Van Lerberghe, W. (2022). Self-care interventions and practices as essential approaches to strengthening health-care delivery. The Lancet Global Health. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00451-X
Nelson, E. E., Leibenluft, E., McClure, E. B., & Pine, D. S. (2005). The social re-orientation of adolescence: A neuroscience perspective on the process and its relation to psychopathology. Psychological Medicine, 35(2), 163–174. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291704003915
Orem, D. (1959). Guides for Developing Curriculum for the Education of Practical Nurses. Departament of Health, Education, and Welfare.
Pakaya, R. E., Syam, Y., & Syahrul, S. (2021). Correlation of self-efficacy and self-care of patients undergoing hemodialysis with their quality of life. Enfermería Clínica, 31, S797–S801. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcli.2021.07.033
Palladino, D. K., & Helgeson, V. S. (2013). Adolescents, Parents and Physicians: A Comparison of Perspectives on Type 1 Diabetes Self-Care. Canadian Journal of Diabetes, 37(3), 175–181. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2013.02.057
Patrick, M., Miller, B., Will, B., Bena, J. F., Morrison, S. L., & Siegmund, L. A. (2022). Anxiety and depression moderate the relationship between quality of life and self-care in patients with heart failure. Geriatric Nursing, 44, 54–59. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2021.12.020
Ranieri, J., Guerra, F., Ferri, C., & Di Giacomo, D. (2022). Chronic non-communicable diseases and health awareness of patients: An observational study analysing the health adaptive behaviours through self-care skills. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 155, 596–603. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.09.007
Rogers, A. A., Ha, T., & Ockey, S. (2021). Adolescents’ Perceived Socio-Emotional Impact of COVID-19 and Implications for Mental Health: Results From a U.S.-Based Mixed-Methods Study. J Adolesc Health. PumMed Central, 68(1)(January). https://doi.org/doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.09.039
Sanz de Acedo Lizarraga, M. L., Sanz De Acedo Baquedano, M. T., & Cardelle-Elawar, M. (2007). Factors that affect decision making: gender and age differences. In International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy (Vol. 7).
Scott, S. R., Rivera, K. M., Rushing, E., Manczak, E. M., Rozek, C. S., & Doom, J. R. (2021). “I Hate This”: A Qualitative Analysis of Adolescents’ Self-Reported Challenges During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Adolescent Health, 68(2), 262–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.11.010
Shah, V. N., Wu, M., Polsky, S., Snell-Bergeon, J. K., Sherr, J. L., Cengiz, E., DiMeglio, L. A., Pop-Busui, R., Mizokami-Stout, K., Foster, N. C., & Beck, R. W. (2018). Gender differences in diabetes self-care in adults with type 1 diabetes: Findings from the T1D Exchange clinic registry. Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications, 32(10), 961–965. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JDIACOMP.2018.08.009
Tremblay, M. S., Carson, V., Chaput, J. P., Connor Gorber, S., Dinh, T., Duggan, M., Faulkner, G., Gray, C. E., Grube, R., Janson, K., Janssen, I., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Kho, M. E., Latimer-Cheung, A. E., LeBlanc, C., Okely, A. D., Olds, T., Pate, R. R., Phillips, A., … Zehr, L. (2016). Canadian 24-hour movement guidelines for children and youth: An integration of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep. Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism, 41(6), S311–S327. https://doi.org/10.1139/APNM-2016-0151
Wada, M., & Wallace, J. R. (2022). Designing technologies for self-care: Describing the lived experiences of individuals with rheumatoid arthritis. Human Factors in Healthcare, 2, 100025. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hfh.2022.100025
Wick, L. L. (2022). Depression and Heart Failure Assessment, Treatment, and Interventions to Improve Self-Care Behaviors. Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America, 34(2), 157–164. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnc.2022.02.005
World Health Organization [WHO]. (1984). Health education in self-care: possibilities and limitations. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/70092
World Health Organization [WHO]. (1998). The Role of the pharmacist in self-care and self-medication : report of the 4th WHO Consultative Group on the Role of the Pharmacist, The Hague,. World Health Organization., 26–28. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/65860
World Health Organization [WHO]. (2019). WHO Consolidated Guideline on Self-Care Interventions for Health: Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights. ANNEX 3Scoping Review: WHO Self-Care Definitions. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544155/
World Health Organization [WHO]. (2021). WHO Guideline on self-care interventions for health and well-being.
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Ato, M., López, J. J., & Benavente, A. (2013). Un sistema de clasificación de los diseños de investigación en psicología. 29, 1038–1059. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.29.3.178511
Austin, S., Guay, F., Senécal, C., Fernet, C., & Nouwen, A. (2013). Longitudinal testing of a dietary self-care motivational model in adolescents with diabetes. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 75(2), 153–159. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.04.013
Baker, L. K., & Denyes, M. J. (2008). Predictors of Self-Care in Adolescents With Cystic Fibrosis: A Test of Orem’s Theories of Self-Care and Self-Care Deficit. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 23(1), 37–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PEDN.2007.07.008
Biswas, T., Townsend, N., Huda, M. M., Maravilla, J., Begum, T., Pervin, S., Ghosh, A., Mahumud, R. A., Islam, S., Anwar, N., Rifhat, R., Munir, K., Gupta, R. Das, Renzaho, A. M. N., Khusun, H., Wiradnyani, L. A. A., Radel, T., Baxter, J., Rawal, L. B., … Mamun, A. (2022). Prevalence of multiple non-communicable diseases risk factors among adolescents in 140 countries: A population-based study. EClinicalMedicine, 52, 101591. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECLINM.2022.101591
Buitrago Ramírez, F., Ciurana Misol, R., Fernández Alonso, M. del C., & Tizón, J. L. (2021). COVID-19 pandemic and mental health: Initial considerations from spanish primary health care. Atencion Primaria, 53(1), 89–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aprim.2020.06.006
Chen, C.-Y., Lo, F.-S., Chen, B.-H., Lu, M.-H., Hsin, Y.-M., & Wang, R.-H. (2017). Pathways of emotional autonomy, self-care behaviors, and depressive symptoms on health adaptation in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Nursing Outlook, 65(1), 68–76. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2016.07.015
Chittooru, C. S., Gorantla Ananda, K., Panati, D. D., Chaudhuri, S., & Prahalad, H. (2022). Self-care practices and its determinants among diabetic population in rural Andhra Pradesh, India: A cross-sectional study. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 16, 101102. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2022.101102
Conley, S., Jeon, S., Andrews, L. K., Breazeale, S., Hwang, Y., O’Connell, M., Linsky, S., & Redeker, N. S. (2022). Trajectory of self-care in people with stable heart failure and insomnia after two self-care interventions. Patient Education and Counseling, 105(12), 3487–3493. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2022.09.001
Díaz De León Castañeda, C., Celia, A., Morán, A., Jazmín, M., Guzmán, V., Rosa, E., & Oba, V. (2022). Análisis de la estructura interna de la escala de valoración de la capacidad de autocuidado en población mexicana de diferentes grupos demográficos. Revista de Psicología de La Universidad Autónoma Del Estado de México, 11(22), 113–136.
Ervin, M. H. (1998). Teaching self-care to delinquent adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 12(1), 20–26. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5245(98)90025-6
Evers, G. C. M. (1989). Appraisal of self-care agency : A.S.A. Scale. Van Corcum. https://search.library.wisc.edu/catalog/9910009408202121
Garcia, A. C. M., Ferreira, A. C. G., Silva, L. S. R., da Conceição, V. M., Nogueira, D. A., & Mills, J. (2022). Mindful Self-Care, Self-Compassion, and Resilience Among Palliative Care Providers During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 64(1), 49–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JPAINSYMMAN.2022.03.003
García-García, J. A., Garza Sanchez, R. I., & Cabello-Garza, M. L. (2022). Dimensiones de los estilos de vida saludable durante el confinamiento por COVID-19 en población mexicana. Prospectiva, 249–270. https://doi.org/10.25100/prts.v0i34.11671
Hazrati-Meimaneh, Z., Amini-Tehrani, M., Pourabbasi, A., Gharlipour, Z., Rahimi, F., Ranjbar-Shams, P., Nasli-Esfahani, E., & Zamanian, H. (2020). The impact of personality traits on medication adherence and self-care in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: The moderating role of gender and age. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 136, 110178. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JPSYCHORES.2020.110178
Loades, M. E., Chatburn, E., Higson-Sweeney, N., Reynolds, S., Shafran, R., Brigden, A., Linney, C., McManus, M. N., Borwick, C., & Crawley, E. (2020). Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 59(11), 1218-1239.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2020.05.009
Martínez, N., Connelly, C. D., Pérez, A., & Calero, P. (2021). Self-care: A concept analysis. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 8(4), 418–425. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2021.08.007
McCaleb, A., & Cull, V. V. (2000). Sociocultural influences and self-care practices of middle adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 15(1), 30–35. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0882-5963(00)80021-4
McCusker, J., Lambert, S. D., Ciampi, A., Jones, J. M., Li, M., Yaffe, M. J., Pelland, M.-E., Belzile, E., & de Raad, M. (2022). Trained lay coaches and self-care cognitive-behavioral tools improve depression outcomes. Patient Education and Counseling, 105(8), 2747–2756. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2022.03.021
Medina Gamero, A., Regalado Chamorro, M., & Orozco Sibille, F. (2022). Ansiedad y salud mental de los adolescentes ante la COVID-19. Atención Primaria Práctica, 4(4), 100152. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APPR.2022.100152
Mei, J., Tian, Y., Chai, X., & Fan, X. (2019). Gender differences in self-care maintenance and its associations among patients with chronic heart failure. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 6(1), 58–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJNSS.2018.11.008
Montali, L., Zulato, E., Cornara, M., Ausili, D., & Luciani, M. (2022). Barriers and facilitators of type 1 diabetes self-care in adolescents and young adults. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 62, 136–143. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2021.09.014
Narasimhan, M., Aujla, M., & Van Lerberghe, W. (2022). Self-care interventions and practices as essential approaches to strengthening health-care delivery. The Lancet Global Health. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00451-X
Nelson, E. E., Leibenluft, E., McClure, E. B., & Pine, D. S. (2005). The social re-orientation of adolescence: A neuroscience perspective on the process and its relation to psychopathology. Psychological Medicine, 35(2), 163–174. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291704003915
Orem, D. (1959). Guides for Developing Curriculum for the Education of Practical Nurses. Departament of Health, Education, and Welfare.
Pakaya, R. E., Syam, Y., & Syahrul, S. (2021). Correlation of self-efficacy and self-care of patients undergoing hemodialysis with their quality of life. Enfermería Clínica, 31, S797–S801. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcli.2021.07.033
Palladino, D. K., & Helgeson, V. S. (2013). Adolescents, Parents and Physicians: A Comparison of Perspectives on Type 1 Diabetes Self-Care. Canadian Journal of Diabetes, 37(3), 175–181. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2013.02.057
Patrick, M., Miller, B., Will, B., Bena, J. F., Morrison, S. L., & Siegmund, L. A. (2022). Anxiety and depression moderate the relationship between quality of life and self-care in patients with heart failure. Geriatric Nursing, 44, 54–59. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2021.12.020
Ranieri, J., Guerra, F., Ferri, C., & Di Giacomo, D. (2022). Chronic non-communicable diseases and health awareness of patients: An observational study analysing the health adaptive behaviours through self-care skills. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 155, 596–603. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.09.007
Rogers, A. A., Ha, T., & Ockey, S. (2021). Adolescents’ Perceived Socio-Emotional Impact of COVID-19 and Implications for Mental Health: Results From a U.S.-Based Mixed-Methods Study. J Adolesc Health. PumMed Central, 68(1)(January). https://doi.org/doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.09.039
Sanz de Acedo Lizarraga, M. L., Sanz De Acedo Baquedano, M. T., & Cardelle-Elawar, M. (2007). Factors that affect decision making: gender and age differences. In International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy (Vol. 7).
Scott, S. R., Rivera, K. M., Rushing, E., Manczak, E. M., Rozek, C. S., & Doom, J. R. (2021). “I Hate This”: A Qualitative Analysis of Adolescents’ Self-Reported Challenges During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Adolescent Health, 68(2), 262–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.11.010
Shah, V. N., Wu, M., Polsky, S., Snell-Bergeon, J. K., Sherr, J. L., Cengiz, E., DiMeglio, L. A., Pop-Busui, R., Mizokami-Stout, K., Foster, N. C., & Beck, R. W. (2018). Gender differences in diabetes self-care in adults with type 1 diabetes: Findings from the T1D Exchange clinic registry. Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications, 32(10), 961–965. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JDIACOMP.2018.08.009
Tremblay, M. S., Carson, V., Chaput, J. P., Connor Gorber, S., Dinh, T., Duggan, M., Faulkner, G., Gray, C. E., Grube, R., Janson, K., Janssen, I., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Kho, M. E., Latimer-Cheung, A. E., LeBlanc, C., Okely, A. D., Olds, T., Pate, R. R., Phillips, A., … Zehr, L. (2016). Canadian 24-hour movement guidelines for children and youth: An integration of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep. Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism, 41(6), S311–S327. https://doi.org/10.1139/APNM-2016-0151
Wada, M., & Wallace, J. R. (2022). Designing technologies for self-care: Describing the lived experiences of individuals with rheumatoid arthritis. Human Factors in Healthcare, 2, 100025. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hfh.2022.100025
Wick, L. L. (2022). Depression and Heart Failure Assessment, Treatment, and Interventions to Improve Self-Care Behaviors. Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America, 34(2), 157–164. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnc.2022.02.005
World Health Organization [WHO]. (1984). Health education in self-care: possibilities and limitations. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/70092
World Health Organization [WHO]. (1998). The Role of the pharmacist in self-care and self-medication : report of the 4th WHO Consultative Group on the Role of the Pharmacist, The Hague,. World Health Organization., 26–28. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/65860
World Health Organization [WHO]. (2019). WHO Consolidated Guideline on Self-Care Interventions for Health: Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights. ANNEX 3Scoping Review: WHO Self-Care Definitions. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544155/
World Health Organization [WHO]. (2021). WHO Guideline on self-care interventions for health and well-being.
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2025-07-05
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Garza-Sánchez, R. I., González-Tovar, J., Hernandez-Montaño, A., & Granados-Udave, G. de J. (2025). Agency for self-care of health in university students: characteristics and differences. Journal of Basic and Applied Psychology Research , 7(13), 7–14. https://doi.org/10.29057/jbapr.v7i13.15040
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Copyright (c) 2025 Rosa Isabel Garza-Sánchez, José González-Tovar, Alicia Hernandez-Montaño, Griselda de Jesus Granados-Udave
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