Fibra dietética vs obesidad ¿Cómo se relacionan las propiedades de la fibra dietética con el control de peso corporal?
Resumen
La obesidad es una enfermedad que actualmente tiene una gran prevalencia en todo el mundo, además, podría desencadenar el desarrollo de otras afecciones relacionadas con la acumulación excesiva de tejido adiposo en el cuerpo humano. Esta problemática ha conllevado a la recomendación de un tratamiento oportuno, mediante una dieta saludable con un alto contenido de fibra dietética (FD). Distintas instituciones alimentarias y de salud han informado sobre la ingesta diaria recomendada (IDR) de FD, en base al nivel de consumo observada para prevenir la aparición de enfermedades cardiovasculares. Para alcanzar las cantidades recomendadas de FD, dentro de la dieta, es preferible seleccionar alimentos como cereales, pseudocereales, legumbres, frutas y verduras ya que son los alimentos que la contienen. La FD es un componente no digerible de los alimentos que ha sido estudiado ampliamente, no obstante, su importancia nutricional fue reconocida hasta la década de 1970, demostrando su asociación positiva con la regulación del peso corporal y la reducción de adipocitos almacenados en el organismo. Existen diferentes clasificaciones referentes a la FD, sin embargo, una de las más utilizadas se basa en su capacidad de ser solubilizada “soluble (FDS) e insoluble (FDI)”. Se ha identificado que la FDS tiene una mayor asociación con las propiedades antes mencionadas, no obstante, es necesario que exista un equilibrio entre ambas fibras, debido a que un exceso de estas podría generar efectos no deseados en nuestro cuerpo. Las principales propiedades de la FD se asocian con sus atributos físicos y químicos que incluyen: su capacidad de absorber agua y otras sustancias, hincharse y aumentar su viscosidad. Además, es capaz de ser fermentada por la microbiota intestinal, generando metabolitos benéficos para la salud. Estas propiedades participan en diferentes mecanismos que disminuyen la absorción de nutrientes, la supresión del apetito, y la regulación de la homeostasis energética mediante el metabolismo de lípidos y carbohidratos. Por lo tanto, es importante conocer sobre las propiedades y mecanismos en los que interviene la FD durante la digestión y el cómo repercute en la salud.
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