La obesidad y su relación con el consumo de probióticos
Palabras clave:
Obesidad, Probióticos, Disbiosis, Microbiota intestinal
Resumen
La obesidad es una enfermedad muy común en el mundo, uno de los factores principales que provocan el desarrollo de esta enfermedad es la alta ingesta de calorías (encontradas mayormente en comida rápida o alta en calorías) comparado con el gasto energético, esto debido a que se encuentra fácilmente a nuestro alcance, otra causa que provoca este padecimiento es la vida sedentaria y la falta de conocimiento sobre el consumo de estos productos a largo plazo, México, en especial, ocupa los primeros lugares en población con este padecimiento, esto, como ya se mencionó anteriormente, se debe al estilo de vida, sedentarismo, malos hábitos, dietas hipercalóricas, falta de conocimiento sobre el tema, entre otras. Como bien sabemos, esta enfermedad trae consigo una extensa lista de secuelas e incluso el desarrollo de más enfermedades, es por ello que se debe prestar atención desde los primeros síntomas, con relación a ello también se ha estudiado a los microorganismos que habitan nuestra microbiota intestinal (MI) y la disbiosis, para conocer su papel en este padecimiento. Hoy en día, la obesidad es un tema de interés para el mundo, y por consiguiente es necesaria una revisión para conocer cómo la MI influye en ella. Se ha estudiado el consumo de probióticos, su mecanismo de acción, y cual es la función del consumo de estos con relación a la obesidad. Se necesitan diversos estudios para comprobar que los probióticos contribuyen positivamente en la obesidad.
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[1] Abenavoli L, Scarpellini E, Colica C, Boccuto L, Salehi B, Sharifi-Rad J, et al. Gut Microbiota and Obesity: A Role for Probiotics. Nutrients. 2019;11(11):2-28.
[2] Upadhyay J, Farr O, Perakakis N, Ghaly W, Mantzoros C. Obesity as a Disease. Medical Clinics of North America. 2018;102(1):13-17.
[3] Murugesan S, Nirmalkar K, Hoyo-Vadillo C, García-Espitia M, Ramírez-Sánchez D, García-Mena J. Gut microbiome production of short-chain fatty acids and obesity in children. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 2017;37(4):621–631.
[4] Stojanov S, Berlec A, Štrukelj B. The Influence of Probiotics on the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio in the Treatment of Obesity and Inflammatory Bowel disease. Microorganisms. 2020;8(11):1–6.
[5] Belizário JE, Faintuch J. Microbiome and Gut Dysbiosis. Experientia Supplementum. 2018;109(9):473.
[6] Cerdó T, García-Santos J, G. Bermúdez M, Campoy C. The Role of Probiotics and Prebiotics in the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity. Nutrients. 2019;11(3):9.
[7] Chang JY, Park JH, Park SE, Shon J, Park YJ. The fat mass- and obesity-associated (FTO) gene to obesity: Lessons from mouse models: Metabolic traits in Murine FTO models. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2018;26(11):1674–86.
[8] Chooi YC, Ding C, Magkos F. The epidemiology of obesity. Metabolism. 2019; 92(92):4.
[9] Barquera S, Hernández-Barrera L, Trejo B, Shamah T, Campos-Nonato I, Rivera-Dommarco J. Obesidad en México, prevalencia y tendencias en adultos. Ensanut 2018-19. Salud Pública de México. 2020;62(6, Nov-Dic):683.
[10] Evaluación de obesidad: Prueba de laboratorio de MedlinePlus. medlineplus.gov.Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/spanish/pruebas-de-laboratorio/evaluacion-de-obesidad/#:~:text=La%20evaluaci%C3%B3n%20de%20obesidad%20utiliza
[11] Blüher M. Metabolically Healthy Obesity. Endocrine Reviews. 2020; 41(3):5.
[12] OMS. Obesidad y sobrepeso [Internet]. Who.int. World Health Organization: WHO; 2018. Available from: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight
[13] Czajkowski P, Adamska-Patruno E, Bauer W, Fiedorczuk J, Krasowska U, Moroz M, et al. The Impact of FTO Genetic Variants on Obesity and Its Metabolic Consequences is Dependent on Daily Macronutrient Intake. Nutrients. 2020;12(11):2.
[14] Izquierdo AG, Crujeiras AB, Casanueva FF, Carreira MC. Leptin, Obesity, and Leptin Resistance: Where Are We 25 Years Later? Nutrients. 2019;11(11):2.
[15] Bell V, Ferrão J, Pimentel L, Pintado M, Fernandes T. One Health, Fermented Foods, and Gut Microbiota. Foods. 2018;7(12):2-3.
[16] Cheng L, Qi C, Zhuang H, Fu T, Zhang X. gutMDisorder: a comprehensive database for dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in disorders and interventions. Nucleic Acids Research. 2019;48:554–60.
[17] Tilg H, Zmora N, Adolph TE, Elinav E. The intestinal microbiota fuelling metabolic inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020;20(1):40–54.
[18] Dogra SK, Doré J, Damak S. Gut Microbiota Resilience: Definition, Link to Health and Strategies for Intervention. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2020;11:10.
[19] Schoeler M, Caesar R. Dietary lipids, gut microbiota and lipid metabolism. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. 2019;20(4):1–4.
[20] de la Cuesta-Zuluaga J, Mueller N, Álvarez-Quintero R, Velásquez-Mejía E, Sierra J, Corrales-Agudelo V, et al. Higher Fecal Short-Chain Fatty Acid Levels Are Associated with Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis, Obesity, Hypertension and Cardiometabolic Disease Risk Factors. Nutrients. 2018;11(1):2.
[21] Adak A, Khan MR. An insight into gut microbiota and its functionalities. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 2018;76(3):473–6.
[22] Tanaka M, Nakayama J. Development of the gut microbiota in infancy and its impact on health in later life. Allergology International. 2017;66(4):515–22.
[23] Ihekweazu FD, Versalovic J. Development of the Pediatric Gut Microbiome: Impact on Health and Disease. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 2018;356(5):413–23.
[24] Thursby E, Juge N. Introduction to the human gut microbiota. Biochemical Journal. 2017;474(11):1823–36.
[25] Gomaa EZ. Human gut microbiota/microbiome in health and diseases: a review. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 2020;113:2019–40.
[26] Crovesy L, Masterson D, Rosado EL. Profile of the gut microbiota of adults with obesity: a systematic review. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2020;74(9):1251–62.
[27] Hu J, Lin S, Zheng B, Cheung PCK. Short-chain fatty acids in control of energy metabolism. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition. 2018;58(8):1243–9.
[28] Manrique Vergara D, González Sánchez ME. Ácidos grasos de cadena corta (ácido butírico) y patologías intestinales. Nutrición Hospitalaria. 2017;34:58–61.
[29] Neurath MF. Host-microbiota interactions in inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;17(2):76–77.
[30] Martin-Gallausiaux C, Marinelli L, Blottière HM, Larraufie P, Lapaque N. SCFA: mechanisms and functional importance in the gut. Proc Nutr Soc. 2021;80(1):37–49.
[31] Rowland I, Gibson G, Heinken A, Scott K, Swann J, Thiele I, et al. Gut microbiota functions: metabolism of nutrients and other food components. Eur J Nutr. 2018;57(1):1–24.
[32] Raman M, Almutairdi A, Mulesa L, Alberda C, Beattie C, Gramlich L. Parenteral nutrition and lipids. Nutrients. 2017;9(4):388.
[33] DeBose-Boyd RA. Significance and regulation of lipid metabolism. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2018;81:97.
[34] Matey-Hernandez ML, Williams FMK, Potter T, Valdes AM, Spector TD, Menni C. Genetic and microbiome influence on lipid metabolism and dyslipidemia. Physiol Genomics. 2018;50(2):117–126.
[35] Hernández MAG, Canfora EE, Jocken JWE, Blaak EE. The short-chain fatty acid acetate in body weight control and insulin sensitivity. Nutrients. 2019;11(8):1943.
[36] McNabney S, Henagan T. Short chain fatty acids in the colon and peripheral tissues: A focus on butyrate, colon cancer, obesity and insulin resistance. Nutrients. 2017;9(12):1348.
[37] Zhao J, Zhang X, Liu H, Brown MA, Qiao S. Dietary protein and gut Microbiota composition and function. Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2018;20(2):145–154.
[38] Ramirez J, Guarner F, Bustos Fernandez L, Maruy A, Sdepanian VL, Cohen H. Antibiotics as major disruptors of gut Microbiota. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10:572912.
[39] Gentile CL, Weir TL. The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health. Science. 2018;362(6416):776–80.
[40] Muscogiuri G, Cantone E, Cassarano S, Tuccinardi D, Barrea L, Savastano S, et al. Gut microbiota: a new path to treat obesity. Int J Obes Suppl. 2019;9(1):10–19.
[41] Yu Y, Raka F, Adeli K. The role of the gut Microbiota in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. J Clin Med. 2019;8(12):22-27.
[42] Wisniewski PJ, Dowden RA, Campbell SC. Role of dietary lipids in modulating inflammation through the gut Microbiota. Nutrients. 2019;11(1):117.
[43] Zmora N, Suez J, Elinav E. You are what you eat: diet, health and the gut microbiota. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;16(1):35–56.
[44] Redondo-Useros N, Nova E, González-Zancada N, Díaz LE, Gómez-Martínez S, Marcos A. Microbiota and lifestyle: A special focus on diet. Nutrients. 2020;12(6):1776.
[45] Wilson AS, Koller KR, Ramaboli MC, Nesengani LT, Ocvirk S, Chen C, et al. Diet and the human gut microbiome: An international review. Dig Dis Sci. 2020;65(3):723–40.
[46] Ng KM, Aranda-Díaz A, Tropini C, Frankel MR, Van Treuren W, O’Loughlin CT, et al. Recovery of the gut Microbiota after antibiotics depends on host diet, community context, and environmental reservoirs. Cell Host Microbe. 2019;26(5):650-665.e4.
[47] Ermolenko E, Rybalchenko O, Borshev Y, Tarasova E, Kramskaya T, Leontieva G, et al. Influence of monostrain and multistrain probiotics on immunity, intestinal ultrastructure and microbiota in experimental dysbiosis. Benef Microbes. 2018;9(6):937–949.
[48] Wang S-C, Chen Y-C, Chen S-J, Lee C-H, Cheng C-M. Alcohol addiction, gut Microbiota, and alcoholism treatment: A review. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(17):6413.
[49] Calleja-Conde J, Echeverry-Alzate V, Bühler K-M, Durán-González P, Morales-García JÁ, Segovia-Rodríguez L, et al. The immune system through the lens of alcohol intake and gut Microbiota. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(14):7485.
[50] Mohr AE, Jäger R, Carpenter KC, Kerksick CM, Purpura M, Townsend JR, et al. The athletic gut microbiota. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2020;17(1):24.
[51] Aragón-Vela J, Solis-Urra P, Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Álvarez-Mercado AI, Olivares-Arancibia J,-Diaz J. Impact of exercise on gut Microbiota in obesity. Nutrients. 2021;13(11):3999.
[52] Ling C, Rönn T. Epigenetics in Human Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Cell Metabolism. 2019;29(5):1028–44.
[53] Kim S, Jazwinski SM. The gut Microbiota and healthy aging: A mini-review. Gerontology. 2018;64(6):513–520.
[54] Angelucci F, Cechova K, Amlerova J, Hort J. Antibiotics, gut microbiota, and Alzheimer’s disease. J Neuroinflammation. 2019;16(1).
[55] Sanders ME, Merenstein D, Merrifield CA, Hutkins R. Probiotics for human use. Nutr Bull. 2018;43(3):212–25.
[56] Liu Y, Tran DQ, Rhoads JM. Probiotics in disease prevention and treatment. J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;58 Suppl 10:64–79.
[57] Suez J, Zmora N, Segal E, Elinav E. The pros, cons, and many unknowns of probiotics. Nat Med. 2019;25(5):716–29.
[58] Plaza-Diaz J, Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Gil-Campos M, Gil A. Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics. Advances in Nutrition. 2019;10:S49–66.
[59] Trush EA, Poluektova EA, Beniashvilli AG, Shifrin OS, Poluektov YM, Ivashkin VT. The evolution of human probiotics: Challenges and prospects. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2020;12(4):1291–9.
[60] Breton J, Galmiche M, Déchelotte P. Dysbiotic gut bacteria in obesity: An overview of the metabolic mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives of next-generation probiotics. Microorganisms. 2022;10(2):452.
[61] Kong C, Gao R, Yan X, Huang L, Qin H. Probiotics improve gut microbiota dysbiosis in obese mice fed a high-fat or high-sucrose diet. Nutrition. 2019;60:175–84.
[62] Vallianou N, Stratigou T, Christodoulatos GS, Tsigalou C, Dalamaga M. Probiotics, Prebiotics, Synbiotics, Postbiotics, and Obesity: Current Evidence, Controversies, and Perspectives. Current Obesity Reports. 2020;9(3):179–92.
[63] Yousefi B, Eslami M, Ghasemian A, Kokhaei P, Salek Farrokhi A, Darabi N. Probiotics importance and their immunomodulatory properties: YOUSEFI et al. J Cell Physiol. 2019;234(6):8008–18.
[64] Molina-Tijeras JA, Gálvez J, Rodríguez-Cabezas ME. The immunomodulatory properties of extracellular vesicles derived from probiotics: A novel approach for the management of gastrointestinal diseases. Nutrients. 2019;11(5):1038.
[65] Banerjee S. Recommendation and limitation of probiotics supplements. Current Trends in Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry. 2021;3(3):19–22.
[2] Upadhyay J, Farr O, Perakakis N, Ghaly W, Mantzoros C. Obesity as a Disease. Medical Clinics of North America. 2018;102(1):13-17.
[3] Murugesan S, Nirmalkar K, Hoyo-Vadillo C, García-Espitia M, Ramírez-Sánchez D, García-Mena J. Gut microbiome production of short-chain fatty acids and obesity in children. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 2017;37(4):621–631.
[4] Stojanov S, Berlec A, Štrukelj B. The Influence of Probiotics on the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio in the Treatment of Obesity and Inflammatory Bowel disease. Microorganisms. 2020;8(11):1–6.
[5] Belizário JE, Faintuch J. Microbiome and Gut Dysbiosis. Experientia Supplementum. 2018;109(9):473.
[6] Cerdó T, García-Santos J, G. Bermúdez M, Campoy C. The Role of Probiotics and Prebiotics in the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity. Nutrients. 2019;11(3):9.
[7] Chang JY, Park JH, Park SE, Shon J, Park YJ. The fat mass- and obesity-associated (FTO) gene to obesity: Lessons from mouse models: Metabolic traits in Murine FTO models. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2018;26(11):1674–86.
[8] Chooi YC, Ding C, Magkos F. The epidemiology of obesity. Metabolism. 2019; 92(92):4.
[9] Barquera S, Hernández-Barrera L, Trejo B, Shamah T, Campos-Nonato I, Rivera-Dommarco J. Obesidad en México, prevalencia y tendencias en adultos. Ensanut 2018-19. Salud Pública de México. 2020;62(6, Nov-Dic):683.
[10] Evaluación de obesidad: Prueba de laboratorio de MedlinePlus. medlineplus.gov.Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/spanish/pruebas-de-laboratorio/evaluacion-de-obesidad/#:~:text=La%20evaluaci%C3%B3n%20de%20obesidad%20utiliza
[11] Blüher M. Metabolically Healthy Obesity. Endocrine Reviews. 2020; 41(3):5.
[12] OMS. Obesidad y sobrepeso [Internet]. Who.int. World Health Organization: WHO; 2018. Available from: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight
[13] Czajkowski P, Adamska-Patruno E, Bauer W, Fiedorczuk J, Krasowska U, Moroz M, et al. The Impact of FTO Genetic Variants on Obesity and Its Metabolic Consequences is Dependent on Daily Macronutrient Intake. Nutrients. 2020;12(11):2.
[14] Izquierdo AG, Crujeiras AB, Casanueva FF, Carreira MC. Leptin, Obesity, and Leptin Resistance: Where Are We 25 Years Later? Nutrients. 2019;11(11):2.
[15] Bell V, Ferrão J, Pimentel L, Pintado M, Fernandes T. One Health, Fermented Foods, and Gut Microbiota. Foods. 2018;7(12):2-3.
[16] Cheng L, Qi C, Zhuang H, Fu T, Zhang X. gutMDisorder: a comprehensive database for dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in disorders and interventions. Nucleic Acids Research. 2019;48:554–60.
[17] Tilg H, Zmora N, Adolph TE, Elinav E. The intestinal microbiota fuelling metabolic inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020;20(1):40–54.
[18] Dogra SK, Doré J, Damak S. Gut Microbiota Resilience: Definition, Link to Health and Strategies for Intervention. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2020;11:10.
[19] Schoeler M, Caesar R. Dietary lipids, gut microbiota and lipid metabolism. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. 2019;20(4):1–4.
[20] de la Cuesta-Zuluaga J, Mueller N, Álvarez-Quintero R, Velásquez-Mejía E, Sierra J, Corrales-Agudelo V, et al. Higher Fecal Short-Chain Fatty Acid Levels Are Associated with Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis, Obesity, Hypertension and Cardiometabolic Disease Risk Factors. Nutrients. 2018;11(1):2.
[21] Adak A, Khan MR. An insight into gut microbiota and its functionalities. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 2018;76(3):473–6.
[22] Tanaka M, Nakayama J. Development of the gut microbiota in infancy and its impact on health in later life. Allergology International. 2017;66(4):515–22.
[23] Ihekweazu FD, Versalovic J. Development of the Pediatric Gut Microbiome: Impact on Health and Disease. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 2018;356(5):413–23.
[24] Thursby E, Juge N. Introduction to the human gut microbiota. Biochemical Journal. 2017;474(11):1823–36.
[25] Gomaa EZ. Human gut microbiota/microbiome in health and diseases: a review. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 2020;113:2019–40.
[26] Crovesy L, Masterson D, Rosado EL. Profile of the gut microbiota of adults with obesity: a systematic review. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2020;74(9):1251–62.
[27] Hu J, Lin S, Zheng B, Cheung PCK. Short-chain fatty acids in control of energy metabolism. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition. 2018;58(8):1243–9.
[28] Manrique Vergara D, González Sánchez ME. Ácidos grasos de cadena corta (ácido butírico) y patologías intestinales. Nutrición Hospitalaria. 2017;34:58–61.
[29] Neurath MF. Host-microbiota interactions in inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;17(2):76–77.
[30] Martin-Gallausiaux C, Marinelli L, Blottière HM, Larraufie P, Lapaque N. SCFA: mechanisms and functional importance in the gut. Proc Nutr Soc. 2021;80(1):37–49.
[31] Rowland I, Gibson G, Heinken A, Scott K, Swann J, Thiele I, et al. Gut microbiota functions: metabolism of nutrients and other food components. Eur J Nutr. 2018;57(1):1–24.
[32] Raman M, Almutairdi A, Mulesa L, Alberda C, Beattie C, Gramlich L. Parenteral nutrition and lipids. Nutrients. 2017;9(4):388.
[33] DeBose-Boyd RA. Significance and regulation of lipid metabolism. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2018;81:97.
[34] Matey-Hernandez ML, Williams FMK, Potter T, Valdes AM, Spector TD, Menni C. Genetic and microbiome influence on lipid metabolism and dyslipidemia. Physiol Genomics. 2018;50(2):117–126.
[35] Hernández MAG, Canfora EE, Jocken JWE, Blaak EE. The short-chain fatty acid acetate in body weight control and insulin sensitivity. Nutrients. 2019;11(8):1943.
[36] McNabney S, Henagan T. Short chain fatty acids in the colon and peripheral tissues: A focus on butyrate, colon cancer, obesity and insulin resistance. Nutrients. 2017;9(12):1348.
[37] Zhao J, Zhang X, Liu H, Brown MA, Qiao S. Dietary protein and gut Microbiota composition and function. Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2018;20(2):145–154.
[38] Ramirez J, Guarner F, Bustos Fernandez L, Maruy A, Sdepanian VL, Cohen H. Antibiotics as major disruptors of gut Microbiota. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10:572912.
[39] Gentile CL, Weir TL. The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health. Science. 2018;362(6416):776–80.
[40] Muscogiuri G, Cantone E, Cassarano S, Tuccinardi D, Barrea L, Savastano S, et al. Gut microbiota: a new path to treat obesity. Int J Obes Suppl. 2019;9(1):10–19.
[41] Yu Y, Raka F, Adeli K. The role of the gut Microbiota in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. J Clin Med. 2019;8(12):22-27.
[42] Wisniewski PJ, Dowden RA, Campbell SC. Role of dietary lipids in modulating inflammation through the gut Microbiota. Nutrients. 2019;11(1):117.
[43] Zmora N, Suez J, Elinav E. You are what you eat: diet, health and the gut microbiota. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;16(1):35–56.
[44] Redondo-Useros N, Nova E, González-Zancada N, Díaz LE, Gómez-Martínez S, Marcos A. Microbiota and lifestyle: A special focus on diet. Nutrients. 2020;12(6):1776.
[45] Wilson AS, Koller KR, Ramaboli MC, Nesengani LT, Ocvirk S, Chen C, et al. Diet and the human gut microbiome: An international review. Dig Dis Sci. 2020;65(3):723–40.
[46] Ng KM, Aranda-Díaz A, Tropini C, Frankel MR, Van Treuren W, O’Loughlin CT, et al. Recovery of the gut Microbiota after antibiotics depends on host diet, community context, and environmental reservoirs. Cell Host Microbe. 2019;26(5):650-665.e4.
[47] Ermolenko E, Rybalchenko O, Borshev Y, Tarasova E, Kramskaya T, Leontieva G, et al. Influence of monostrain and multistrain probiotics on immunity, intestinal ultrastructure and microbiota in experimental dysbiosis. Benef Microbes. 2018;9(6):937–949.
[48] Wang S-C, Chen Y-C, Chen S-J, Lee C-H, Cheng C-M. Alcohol addiction, gut Microbiota, and alcoholism treatment: A review. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(17):6413.
[49] Calleja-Conde J, Echeverry-Alzate V, Bühler K-M, Durán-González P, Morales-García JÁ, Segovia-Rodríguez L, et al. The immune system through the lens of alcohol intake and gut Microbiota. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(14):7485.
[50] Mohr AE, Jäger R, Carpenter KC, Kerksick CM, Purpura M, Townsend JR, et al. The athletic gut microbiota. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2020;17(1):24.
[51] Aragón-Vela J, Solis-Urra P, Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Álvarez-Mercado AI, Olivares-Arancibia J,-Diaz J. Impact of exercise on gut Microbiota in obesity. Nutrients. 2021;13(11):3999.
[52] Ling C, Rönn T. Epigenetics in Human Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Cell Metabolism. 2019;29(5):1028–44.
[53] Kim S, Jazwinski SM. The gut Microbiota and healthy aging: A mini-review. Gerontology. 2018;64(6):513–520.
[54] Angelucci F, Cechova K, Amlerova J, Hort J. Antibiotics, gut microbiota, and Alzheimer’s disease. J Neuroinflammation. 2019;16(1).
[55] Sanders ME, Merenstein D, Merrifield CA, Hutkins R. Probiotics for human use. Nutr Bull. 2018;43(3):212–25.
[56] Liu Y, Tran DQ, Rhoads JM. Probiotics in disease prevention and treatment. J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;58 Suppl 10:64–79.
[57] Suez J, Zmora N, Segal E, Elinav E. The pros, cons, and many unknowns of probiotics. Nat Med. 2019;25(5):716–29.
[58] Plaza-Diaz J, Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Gil-Campos M, Gil A. Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics. Advances in Nutrition. 2019;10:S49–66.
[59] Trush EA, Poluektova EA, Beniashvilli AG, Shifrin OS, Poluektov YM, Ivashkin VT. The evolution of human probiotics: Challenges and prospects. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2020;12(4):1291–9.
[60] Breton J, Galmiche M, Déchelotte P. Dysbiotic gut bacteria in obesity: An overview of the metabolic mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives of next-generation probiotics. Microorganisms. 2022;10(2):452.
[61] Kong C, Gao R, Yan X, Huang L, Qin H. Probiotics improve gut microbiota dysbiosis in obese mice fed a high-fat or high-sucrose diet. Nutrition. 2019;60:175–84.
[62] Vallianou N, Stratigou T, Christodoulatos GS, Tsigalou C, Dalamaga M. Probiotics, Prebiotics, Synbiotics, Postbiotics, and Obesity: Current Evidence, Controversies, and Perspectives. Current Obesity Reports. 2020;9(3):179–92.
[63] Yousefi B, Eslami M, Ghasemian A, Kokhaei P, Salek Farrokhi A, Darabi N. Probiotics importance and their immunomodulatory properties: YOUSEFI et al. J Cell Physiol. 2019;234(6):8008–18.
[64] Molina-Tijeras JA, Gálvez J, Rodríguez-Cabezas ME. The immunomodulatory properties of extracellular vesicles derived from probiotics: A novel approach for the management of gastrointestinal diseases. Nutrients. 2019;11(5):1038.
[65] Banerjee S. Recommendation and limitation of probiotics supplements. Current Trends in Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry. 2021;3(3):19–22.
Publicado
2022-12-05
Cómo citar
Rodríguez-Reyes , X. J., Alanís-García, E., Delgado-Olivares , L., & Cruz-Cansino , N. del S. (2022). La obesidad y su relación con el consumo de probióticos. Educación Y Salud Boletín Científico Instituto De Ciencias De La Salud Universidad Autónoma Del Estado De Hidalgo, 11(21), 156-167. https://doi.org/10.29057/icsa.v11i21.9669
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Derechos de autor 2022 Ximena Jaqueline Rodríguez-Reyes , Ernesto Alanís-García, Luis Delgado-Olivares , Nelly del Socorro Cruz-Cansino
Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObrasDerivadas 4.0.
