Bacteriófagos aislados de peces: una alternativa biotecnológica para el control de enfermedades en acuicultura

Paulina Quiroz Ballesteros; Nydia Edith Reyes Rodríguez; Víctor Manuel  Martínez Juárez; Margarita Islas Pelcastre; Juana Juárez Muñoz; Erick Castillo Muñoz

doi:10.29057/icap.v12i23.16522

Autores/as

Paulina Quiroz Ballesteros Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6285-504X
Nydia Edith Reyes Rodríguez Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4307-8161
Víctor Manuel Martínez Juárez Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7426-6835
Margarita Islas Pelcastre Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7416-9138
Juana Juárez Muñoz Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2063-7025
Erick Castillo Muñoz Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1081-4175

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.29057/icap.v12i23.16522

Palabras clave:

Bacteriófago, biotecnología acuícola

Resumen

Los bacteriófagos aislados de peces constituyen una alternativa biotecnológica innovadora para el control de enfermedades bacterianas en la acuicultura. Estos virus, están ampliamente distribuidos y desempeñan un papel esencial en la regulación de las comunidades microbianas. Su aplicación en fagoterapia se está consolidado como una estrategia sostenible frente al uso excesivo de antibióticos, debido a su capacidad para eliminar bacterias patógenas sin afectar el microbiota ni generar residuos ambientales. Los fagos se clasifican principalmente en líticos, que destruyen a la célula bacteriana mediante lisis, y lisogénicos, que integran su genoma en el hospedero bacteriano, participando en la transferencia de genes y en la dinámica microbiana. Diversos estudios han documentado la eficacia de fagos líticos aislados de peces y ambientes acuáticos frente a patógenos de importancia sanitaria, como Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio anguillarum, Edwardsiella ictaluri, Flavobacterium psychrophilum, Nocardia seriolae, Streptococcus agalactiae entre otros. Entre los fagos más relevantes destacan PAh4, PZL-Ah152, Ahy-Yong1, PVN02, PVN06, FpV4, FpV9, FpV21, vB_VhaS_MAG7, VHML, VhKM4 y NS-I, los cuales han mostrado una alta estabilidad térmica, capacidad lítica y eficacia frente a cepas multirresistentes. Estos hallazgos respaldan el desarrollo de cocteles fágicos como herramientas de biocontrol aplicables tanto en sistemas de agua dulce como marina, favoreciendo la sanidad de los organismos cultivados y la sostenibilidad productiva.

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Citas

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