Usefulness of glycemic index and glycemic load of foods as dietary recommendation tools
Abstract
Carbohydrates are a wide family of molecules that form an important part of the diet and represent optimal substrates for obtaining energy. For some years, carbohydrates have been investigated for possible associations between high consumption patterns and the occurrence of some chronic pathologies. In the 80's, a concept trying to explain the behavior of different types of food carbohydrates on plasma glucose levels, was developed. Since its inception to date, the relevance of this concept, known as glycemic index, has been subject of controversy among nutrition professionals and the scientific community for different reasons. More recently, another concept (the glycemic load) has attempted to better explain the impact of carbohydrates on the blood, however, their real importance and usefulness in dietetics are still under debate. This document offers an overview of the origin and usefulness of these concepts, as well as a compilation of scientific evidence that relates these concepts to development or treatment of some physiological and pathological situations.
Downloads
References
Torres, N., Palacios-Gonzalez, B., Noriega-López, L., y Tovar-Palacio, A. R. (2006). Indice glicémico, índice insulinémico y carga glicémica de bebidas de soya con un contenido bajo y alto en hidratos de carbono. Revista de investigación clínica, 58(5), 487-497.
Parada, J. A., y Rozowski, J. (2008). Relación entre la respuesta glicémica del almidón y su estado microestructural. Revista chilena de nutrición, 35(2), 84-92.
Wolever, T. M. (2003). Carbohydrate and the regulation of blood glucose and metabolism. Nutrition reviews, 61(suppl_5), S40-S48.
Jones, J. M. (2010). The role of glycemic index & glycemic load on carbohydrate food quality: a status report. Wheat Foods Council.
Mahan, L. K., Escott-Stump, S., y Raymond, J. L. (2013). Krause dietoterapia. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Livesey, G., Taylor, R., Livesey, H. F., Buyken, A. E., Jenkins, D. J., Augustin, L. S., ... y Willett, W. C. (2019). Dietary glycemic index and load and the risk of type 2 diabetes: Assessment of causal relations. Nutrients, 11(6), 1436.
FAO. (1998). Carbohydrates in human nutrition, Reporto f a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consulation. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 15, Roma. Consultado el 10 de mayo de 2020. http://www.fao.org/docrep/W8079E/W8079E00.htm
Franco-Mijares, A. C., Cardona-Pimentel, G., Villegas-Canchola, K. P., Vázquez-Flores, A. L., Jáuregui-Vega, P. I., Jaramillo-Barrón, E., y Nava, A. (2013). Sobre el índice glucémico y el ejercicio físico en la nutrición humana. El Residente, 8(3), 89-96.
Roberts, C. K., y Liu, S. (2009). Effects of glycemic load on metabolic health and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, 3(4), 697-04.
Gracey, M., Kretchmar, N., y Rossi, E. (1991). Sugars in nutrition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Ludwig, D. S. (2002). The glycemic index: physiological mechanisms relating to obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Jama, 287(18), 2414-2423.
Marsh, K., Barclay, A., Colagiuri, S., y Brand-Miller, J. (2011). Glycemic index and glycemic load of carbohydrates in the diabetes diet. Current diabetes reports, 11(2), 120-127.
Barclay, A. W., Petocz, P., McMillan-Price, J., Flood, V. M., Prvan, T., Mitchell, P., y Brand-Miller, J. C. (2008). Glycemic index, glycemic load, and chronic disease risk—a meta-analysis of observational studies. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 87(3), 627-637.
Brand-Miller, J. C. (2004). Postprandial glycemia, glycemic index, and the prevention of type 2 diabetes. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 80,243-244.
Wahlqvist, M. L., Wilmshurst, E. G., Murton, C. R., y Richardson, E. N. (1978). The effect of chain length on glucose absorption and the related metabolic response. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 31(11), 1998-2001.
Lin, M. H. A., Wu, M. C., Lu, S., y Lin, J. (2010). Glycemic index, glycemic load and insulinemic index of Chinese starchy foods. World Journal of Gastroenterology: WJG, 16(39), 4973.
Englyst, K. N., y Englyst, H. N. (2005). Carbohydrate bioavailability. British Journal of Nutrition, 94(1), 1-11.
Arteaga, L. A. (2006). El índice glicémico: una controversia actual. Nutrición Hospitalaria, 21, 55-60.
Salmerón, J., Ascherio, A., Rimm, E. B., Colditz, G. A., Spiegelman, D., Jenkins, D. J., ... y Willett, W. C. (1997). Dietary fiber, glycemic load, and risk of NIDDM in men. Diabetes care, 20(4), 545-550.
Venn, B. J., y Green, T. J. (2007). Glycemic index and glycemic load: measurement issues and their effect on diet–disease relationships. European journal of clinical nutrition, 61(1), S122-S131.
Brand-Miller, J., Hayne, S., Petocz, P., y Colagiuri, S. (2003). Low–glycemic index diets in the management of diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes care, 26(8), 2261-2267.
Ebbeling, C. B., Leidig, M. M., Sinclair, K. B., Hangen, J. P., y Ludwig, D. S. (2003). A reduced–glycemic load diet in the treatment of adolescent obesity. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, 157(8), 773-779.
Noakes, M., Lau, C. W. H., Bowen, J., y Clifton, P. M. (2005). The effect of a low glycaemic index (GI) ingredient substituted for a high GI ingredient in two complete meals on blood glucose and insulin levels, satiety and energy intake in healthy lean women. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 14.
Arcot, J., y Brand-Miller, J. (2005). A preliminary assessment of the glycemic index of honey. A Report for the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. Publication, (05/027).
Torres-Maravilla, E., Blancas-Nápoles, J. A., Vázquez-Landaverde, P. A., Cristiani-Urbina, E., Mayorga-Reyes, L., & Sánchez-Pardo, M. E. (2016). Evaluación de sedimentos de pulque (Xaxtle) como cultivo iniciador para obtener un producto de panificación de bajo índice glucémico. Agrociencia, 50(2), 183-200.
Giacco, R., Parillo, M., Rivellese, A. A., Lasorella, G., Giacco, A., D'Episcopo, L., y Riccardi, G. (2000). Long-term dietary treatment with increased amounts of fiber-rich low-glycemic index natural foods improves blood glucose control and reduces the number of hypoglycemic events in type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes care, 23(10), 1461-1466.
Rodríguez, V. E. A., Rosendo, G. G., Murguía, N. A. R., Villanueva, J., y Sánchez, A. G. Q. G. (2013). Índice glucémico en alimentos compuestos. Rev Esp Nutr Comunitaria, 19(4), 216-223.
Hernández, P., Mata, C., Lares, M., Velazco, Y., y Brito, S. (2013). Índice glicémico y carga glucémica de las dietas de adultos diabéticos y no diabéticos. Anales Venezolanos de Nutrición 26(1).
Jiménez-Cruz, A., Seimandi-Mora, H., y Bacardi-Gascon, M. (2003). Efecto de dietas con bajo índice glucémico en hiperlipidémicos. Nutrición Hospitalaria, 18(6), 331-335.
Daly, M. E., Vale, C., Walker, M., Alberti, K. G., y Mathers, J. C. (1997). Dietary carbohydrates and insulin sensitivity: a review of the evidence and clinical implications. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 66(5), 1072-1085.
Mosdøl, A., Witte, D. R., Frost, G., Marmot, M. G., y Brunner, E. J. (2007). Dietary glycemic index and glycemic load are associated with high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol at baseline but not with increased risk of diabetes in the Whitehall II study. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 86(4), 988-994.
Riccardi, G., Rivellese, A. A., y Giacco, R. (2008). Role of glycemic index and glycemic load in the healthy state, in prediabetes, and in diabetes. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 87(1), 269S-274S.
Opperman, A. M., Venter, C. S., Oosthuizen, W., Thompson, R. L., y Vorster, H. H. (2004). Meta-analysis of the health effects of using the glycaemic index in meal-planning. British Journal of Nutrition, 92(3), 367-381.
Vrolix, R., Van Meijl, L. E. C., y Mensink, R. P. (2008). The metabolic syndrome in relation with the glycemic index and the glycemic load. Physiology & behavior, 94(2), 293-299
Burton, P., y Lightowler, H. J. (2006). Influence of bread volume on glycaemic response and satiety. British Journal of Nutrition, 96(5), 877-882.
Johnston, C. S., y Buller, A. J. (2005). Vinegar and peanut products as complementary foods to reduce postprandial glycemia. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 105(12), 1939-1942.
Östman, E., Granfeldt, Y., Persson, L., y Björck, I. (2005). Vinegar supplementation lowers glucose and insulin responses and increases satiety after a bread meal in healthy subjects. European journal of clinical nutrition, 59(9), 983.
Astrup, A. (2001). Healthy lifestyles in Europe: prevention of obesity and type II diabetes by diet and physical activity. Public health nutrition, 4(2b), 499-515.
Thomas, D., Elliott, E., y Baur, L. (2007). Dietas de bajo índice glucémico o baja carga glucémica para el sobrepeso y la obesidad. La biblioteca Cochrane Plus, 4.
Hu, J., La Vecchia, C., Augustin, L. S., Negri, E., De Groh, M., Morrison, H., ... y Canadian Cancer Registries Epidemiology Research Group. (2013). Glycemic index, glycemic load and cancer risk. Annals of oncology, 24(1), 245-251.
Lajous, M., Willett, W., Lazcano-Ponce, E., Sanchez-Zamorano, L. M., Hernandez-Avila, M., y Romieu, I. (2005). Glycemic load, glycemic index, and the risk of breast cancer among Mexican women. Cancer Causes & Control, 16(10), 1165-1169.
Michels, K. B., Mohllajee, A. P., Roset‐Bahmanyar, E., Beehler, G. P., y Moysich, K. B. (2007). Diet and breast cancer: a review of the prospective observational studies. Cancer: Interdisciplinary International Journal of the American Cancer Society, 109, 2712-2749.
Borer, K. T. (2003). Hormonal regulation of fuel use in exercise. Exercise endocrinology, 97-120.
Fernández, J. M., Miranda, J. L., y Jiménez, F. P. (2008). Índice glucémico y ejercicio físico. Revista Andaluza de Medicina del Deporte, 1(3), 116-124.
DeMarco, H. M., Sucher, K. P., Cisar, C. J., y Butterfield, G. E. (1997). Preexercise Carbohydrate Meals: Application of Glycemic Index. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 97(9), A14.
Thomas, D. E., Brotherhood, J. R., y Brand, J. C. (1991). Carbohydrate feeding before exercise: effect of glycemic index. International journal of sports medicine, 12(02), 180-186.
Aoi, W., Naito, Y., y Yoshikawa, T. (2006). Exercise and functional foods. Nutrition journal, 5(1), 15.
Mondazzi, L., y Arcelli, E. (2009). Glycemic index in sport nutrition. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 28(sup4), 455S-463S.
Backhouse, S. H., Williams, C., Stevenson, E., y Nute, M. (2007). Effects of the glycemic index of breakfast on metabolic responses to brisk walking in females. European journal of clinical nutrition, 61(5), 590-596.
Erith, S., Williams, C., Stevenson, E., Chamberlain, S., Crews, P., y Rushbury, I. (2006). The effect of high carbohydrate meals with different glycemic indices on recovery of performance during prolonged intermittent high-intensity shuttle running. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, 16(4), 393-404.
