Infection by Staphylococcus aureus in healthy carrier children residing in Pachuca, Hidalgo State, Mexico
Abstract
Infections by Staphylococcus aureus are a great worldwide public health problem due to easiness of transmission, via inhalation or direct contact in hospitals. Among infected individuals there are asymptomatic carriers that cause propagation and transmission of these infections within the hospital population. In Mexico, studies about prevalence of infections in healthy carriers by this bacterium are scarce. We investigated the prevalence of pharyngeal infections by S. aureus in asymptomatic children (3 to 8 years old) resident in Pachuca, Hidalgo. There were previous old clinic inspections as part of the study wherein 138 healthy children were studied. Samples of exudates from children were obtained and seeded in selective and differential media and they were morphologically identified as S. aureus by Gram staining. Antibiotics resistance was determined for each sample of bacteria. Prevalence of S. aureus infection was 20.29%, 12.69% in girls, and 26.66% in boys. Pre-school children showed a higher rate of infection than those in elementary school but there was not a significant difference between them (Χ2=0.92, p>0.05). More than 40% of S. aureus strains were ß-hemolytic, and half of the bacteria isolated from children in preschool is resistant to any of the antibiotics studied and resistant to at least one of the antibiotics assayed. The greatest resistance was to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin. Finding children infected with S. aureus as healthy carriers may be, in fact an epidemiologic risk for the entire population. Furthermore, since there are resistant strains of this microorganism, physicians must be very sensible of resistant patterns when selecting antibiotics.
Downloads
References
Lowy FD. Staphylococcus aureus infections. N. Engl. J. Med 1998; 339:520-32.
Díaz RMD, Solórzano SF, Padilla BG, Miranda NMG, González RR, Trejo y Pérez JA. Infecciones nosocomiales. Experiencia en un hospital pediátrico de tercer nivel. Salud Púb. Mex 1999; 41:S12-S17.
Richardson-López C, Borgaro PR, Jaramillo BL, Fragoso CE, Newton SOA. Otitis media aguda en pediatría. Salud Púb. Mex 2002; 40:450-55.
Calderon JE, Esponoza de los MLE, Ávila BR. Epidemiología de la resistencia bacteriana. El caso de S. aureus y las infecciones coagulasa negativa. Salud Púb. Mex 2002; 44:108-12.
Davis DD. Comparisson of resistance of the antibiotics, penicillin, erithromycin, oxacillin, cloramphenicol, and vancomycin in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from healthy adults in the United States of America and Mexico. Rev. Med. Univ. Veracruzana 2002; 4:5-9.
García RJA, Fresnadillo MMJ. Microbiología de la infección respiratoria pediátrica. Ann. Esp. Pediatr 2002; 56: 2-8.
Martínez AG, Anaya AMC, Ávila Figueroa C. Incidencia de bacteriemia y neumonía nosocomial en una unidad de pediatría. Salud Púb. Méx 2001; 43:515-23.
Loganathan A, Arumainathan UD, Raman R. Comparative study of bacteriology in recurrent tonsillitis among children and adults. Singapore Med J 2006; 47:271-5.
Kaplan SL, Hulten KG, González BE, Hammerman WA, Lamberth L. Three years surveillance of community acquired Staphylococcus aureus infections in children. Clin. Infect. Dis 2005; 40: 1785-91.
Diekeman DJ, Pfaller MA, Schmitz FJ. Survey of infection due to Staphylococcus species: frequency of ocurrent and antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates collected in United States, Canada, Latinoamerican and the Western Pacific region for the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program 1997-1999. Clin. Infect. Dis 2001; 32: S114-S132.
Hernández VT, Toraña PGT, González M, González BI. Staphylococcus aureus resistentes a meticilina detección de portadores entre niños hospitalizados y sanos de la comunidad. Rev. Cubana Med. Tropical 2003; 55: 153-61.
Kritchevsky SV, Simmons BP. Toward better antibiotic use in hospitals. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol 1994; 15:688-70.
Piedrota MD, Montiel QN, López RI. Present situation of antibiotic resistances in tonsillar infections. Unidad de ORL, Hospital Costa del Sol, Marbella, Málaga. Acta Otorrinolaringol. Esp 2006; 57: 171-75.
Oteo J, Cruchaga S, Campos J, Sáez JA, Baquero F, y miembros españoles del grupo European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System. Resistencia a antibióticos en Staphylococcus aureus aislados de sangre en 31 hospitales españoles de la Red Europea de Vigilancia de Resistencia a Antibióticos (2000). Med. Clin. (Barc) 2002; 119: 361-5.
Velázquez MME. Seguimiento y diseminación de S. aureus meticilina resistente. Salud Púb. Mex 2005; 47:381-7.
Gamazo C, López-Goñi I, Díaz R. Manual práctico de Microbiología. 3ª. Edición. Editorial Masson. Barcelona, España. 2005.
Brock TD, Smith DW, Madigan MT. Microbiología. 5ª edición. Ed. Prentice Hall Hispanoamericana. Cd. De México. 1998.
Daniel WW. Bioestadística. Bases para el análisis de las ciencias de la salud. 3ª edición. 5ª reimpresión. Cd. De México. Editorial Limusa, grupo Uthea, Noriega editores. 1999.
García Callejo FJ, Núñez Gómez F, Sala Franco J, Marco Algarra J. Tratamiento de la infección periamigdalina. Ann. Pediatr 2006; 65: 37-43.
Sanabria R, Laspina F, Balmaceda R, Samudio M, Fariña N, Campusano de RA. Portación nasal de S. aureus en personal hospitalario, frecuencia y patrón de sensibilidad antimicrobiana. Memorias del IICS 2003. Vol.2 No.1.
Marcos AS, Molini MN, Rodríguez NA, Martinón TF, Martinón SJN. Traqueitis bacteriana: una causa infecciosa de obstrucción de la vía aérea que hay que considerar en la infancia. Ann. Pediatric 2005; 23: 76-80.
Vazquez NF, Casados RJS, Beltrán GFJ. Eosinophils in periphereal blood and nasal mucus in asthmatic and healthy subjects. Rev. Alerg. Mex 1998; 45: 4-8.
Martin Salas C, Gil-setas A, Mason A. Etiología y sensibilidad antibiótica de las infecciones extrahospitalarias más frecuentes. Ann. Sist. San Navarra 2006; 29:27-36.
Toraño G, Quiñones D, Hernández I, Hernández T, Tamargo I, Borroto S. Portadores nasofaríngeos de Staphylococcus aureus resistentes a la meticilina entre niños cubanos que asisten a círculos infantiles. Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. Clin. 2001; 19: 367-70.
Pai V, Rao VI, Rao SP. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus [MRSA] Isolates at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Mangalore, South India. J. Lab. Physicians 2010; 2:82-4.
Prabhu K, Bhat S, Rao S. Bacteriologic profile and antibiogram of blood culture isolates in a pediatric care unit. J. Lab. Physicians 2010; 2:85-8.
Persoons DS, Van Hoorebeke K, Hermans P, Butaye A, de Kruif F. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in poultry. Emerg. Infect. Dis 2009; 15:452-3.
Denis OC, Suetens M, Hallin B, Catry I, Ramboer M, Dispas G, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 in swine farm personnel, Belgium. Emerg. Infect. Dis 2009; 15:1098-101.
Wulf M, Voss A. MRSA in livestock animals—an epidemic waiting to happen? Clin. Microbiol. Infect 2008; 14:519–21.
