Impacto de las técnicas de estimulación cerebral no invasiva en los procesos de plasticidad cerebral

Guadalupe Nathzidy Rivera Urbina; Ana Lucía  Jiménez Pérez; Eunice  Vargas Contreras; Andrés  Molero Chamizo

doi:10.29057/esat.v12i24.14811

Autores/as

Guadalupe Nathzidy Rivera Urbina Universidad Autónoma de Baja California| Baja California | México https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8102-4992
Ana Lucía Jiménez Pérez Universidad Autónoma de Baja California| Baja California | México https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8539-4074
Eunice Vargas Contreras Universidad Autónoma de Baja California| Baja California | México https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5238-9527
Andrés Molero Chamizo Universidad de Huelva | España https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0381-8927

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.29057/esat.v12i24.14811

Palabras clave:

plasticidad cerebral, estimulación cerebral, estimulación eléctrica, estimulación magnética, neuromodulación

Resumen

Las primeras evidencias de plasticidad cerebral y sináptica se obtuvieron en modelos con animales de experimentación, y se observaron en el hipocampo y el cerebelo. Estas evidencias confirmaron la teoría de Hebb sobre la plasticidad sináptica, y permitieron posteriormente el estudio de los fenómenos de neuroplasticidad hoy conocidos como potenciación a largo plazo y depresión a largo plazo. La neuroplasticidad es la capacidad del cerebro en particular, y del sistema nervioso en general, de reorganizarse y adaptarse a nuevas experiencias, lo que influye en el neurodesarrollo, el aprendizaje y la memoria, y permite activar mecanismos de recuperación tras una lesión o un compromiso neural. La plasticidad cerebral se manifiesta tanto en cambios celulares como en las redes neuronales. Estos cambios son una respuesta, por lo general adaptativa, del sistema nervioso a la estimulación externa y a la interacción de éste con el entorno. Las técnicas de estimulación cerebral no invasiva han probado ser eficaces para modular la actividad neural y potenciar los procesos de plasticidad sináptica adaptativa, resultando así una estrategia con un alto potencial para la investigación básica y traslacional en Neurociencia, así como en la práctica clínica.

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