Bilingüismo temprano en la infancia: ventajas y desafíos desde la neurociencia cognitiva

Erika Elizabeth Rodríguez-Torres

doi:10.29057/lc.v7i14.15514

Autores/as

Erika Elizabeth Rodríguez-Torres Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7738-1863

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.29057/lc.v7i14.15514

Palabras clave:

aprendizaje de lenguas, Neurociencia cognitiva, bilingüismo, plasticidad cerebral

Resumen

Desde el nacimiento, los bebés poseen una extraordinaria capacidad para aprender cualquier idioma, gracias a la plasticidad cerebral y la activación de ambas regiones hemisféricas del cerebro. Sin embargo, con el crecimiento y el desarrollo cognitivo, el lenguaje tiende a lateralizarse principalmente en el hemisferio izquierdo, lo que optimiza el procesamiento lingüístico pero también limita la flexibilidad inicial. Aprender dos lenguas simultáneamente puede generar una aparente ralentización en la producción del habla, ya que el cerebro debe gestionar ambas estructuras lingüísticas de manera eficiente. No obstante, a largo plazo, el bilingüismo ofrece ventajas cognitivas, como una mayor flexibilidad mental, mejor memoria de trabajo y un control ejecutivo más desarrollado. A pesar de los desafíos iniciales, la neurociencia cognitiva destaca los beneficios del aprendizaje de múltiples lenguas en el desarrollo cerebral y en la prevención del deterioro cognitivo en la adultez. Este artículo analiza las ventajas y desventajas del aprendizaje temprano de lenguas, sustentado en hallazgos recientes de neuroimagen funcional, destacando la plasticidad cerebral, la organización funcional temprana y los retos que enfrentan tanto los niños como sus cuidadores en contextos bilingües o multilingües. Además, un caso de estudio se presenta para ilustrar el aprendizaje de lenguas en edad temprana.

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